This is it (!) http://www.execpc.com/~culp/space/space.html ---------------------------------------------------------------------- TOP TEN REASONS FOR SPACE EX 10. International Diplomacy We went to the moon to beat the Russians, now we're building the International Space Station as a way to work with the Russians. Go figure. In any event, prestige and international relations are among the most powerful reasons we've had for going into space. 9. Place a spy satellite over the Miss Hawaiian Tropics contest. 8. Researching the universe Orbiting observatories like Hubble Space Telescope, Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), and Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) to study the stars, galaxies, and the structure of the universe. 7. Researching the sun, moon, and planets Deep-space planetary probes and manned exploration to study the atmosphere, composition, and physics of other bodies in the solar system. 6. Technology spin-offs Technology Spin-Offs from NASA-developed technology like small solid-state lasers which led to Compact Discs, cordless power tools, solar power cells, laptop computers AND TANG. 5. Space applications Many applications that can be accomplished only from orbit, for example - telephone & TV communications around the world, weather observation and prediction (notably hurricanes), land surveys, and navigation (notably the Global Positioning System, GPS). 4. Natural Resources Some day we may be able to mine the Moon for green cheese and the asteroids for minerals and ores. 3. Get Marvin the Martian's autograph If intelligent life is found on other planets, it would change our view of the universe forever. 2. Colonization In another twenty years it is estimated the population of the earth will reach over 8 billion. We could use a place to live. 1. BECAUSE IT'S THERE. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- HISTORY PRESENTATION Quotes slide: Once you have flown, you will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward; for there you have been, there you long to return. -Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) When ships to sail the void between the stars have been invented, there will also be men who come forward to sail those ships. -Johannes Kepler Jules Verne (Verne portrait) * His books inspired space travel visionaries * Written in France around the time of the American Civil War * Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea * Around the World in Eighty Days From the Earth to the Moon (book illustration) * Set in the United States, Baltimore Gun Club * Three men travel in a shell launched by a cannon * Technical accuracy - Used retro-rockets - Slightly wrong about zero-g - Cannon idea still current * In later life, Verne worried that technology was proceeding too quickly Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (photo) "The Earth is the cradle of Mankind, but we cannot live in the cradle forever." - 1899 * Father of human space flight, around the time of the Wright Brothers * Russian teacher, became interested in space as a young boy * Understood weightlessness, escape velocity, rocket equation [rocket eqn] * Invented staging, attitude control with gyroscopes, thrust vectoring Cosmic Philosophy (oil painting) * Control of space is human destiny * The 16 stages of progress includes interstellar travel * Understanding of the laws of nature will end suffering * Space travel is necessary to study nature Robert Goddard (photo) * At 16, he was inspired by H. G. Wells's War of the Worlds * At 17, he imagined travel to Mars and dedicated his life to spaceflight * In college, his tongue-in-cheek paper which suggested a moon shot was ridiculed * Later in his life he was careful to avoid publicity Robert Goddard (with rocket) * In 1926, he launched the first liquid-fuel rocket (gasoline/lox) * He patented 214 inventions related to rocketry * Later, working with the U.S. Army, invented the bazooka and JATO * His engineering results were applied to the V-2 project in Germany Hermann Oberth (artist impression) * Read Verne's From the Earth to the Moon until he knew it by heart * At 14 started to study space travel mathematically on his own * Studied medicine, worked as a medic in World War I Hermann Oberth (photo) * After the war his dissertation on rocketry was rejected (!) * Followed Tsiolkovsky's work, proving that rockets capable of carrying humans were possible (1923) * Taught von Braun, assisted with V-2 rockets and Explorer I * Late in life, wrote political philosophy Werner von Braun (photo) * At 13, inspired by Oberth's Rocket into Interplanetary Space * Strapped rockets onto a wagon and let it roar across town * Frustrated because he couldn't do the math, he studied harder and graduated at the head of his class Werner von Braun (with J5 engine) * During World War II, led the V-2 project at Peenemunde * Captured by the United States at the end of the war * Led the U.S. Army team that launched Explorer-I, first U.S. satellite * Built the Saturn V booster that carried Apollo to the Moon Sergei Korolev (photo) * Father of the Russian space program * In the early 1930s he met Tsiolkovsky and devoted himself to spaceflight * His rocket club was noticed by the Red Army * He was made a colonel and tasked with developing military rockets Sergei Korolev (Sputnik) * Stalinist purges sent him to a Siberian gulag * Later he was moved to an "intellectual work camp" * In 1946, he started developing ICBMs * He led the Sputnik project and Russian moon attempts Buzz Aldrin (portrait) * Bridges old and new astronaut corps * After Korea, went back to get a Ph.D. * Invented space docking and EVA procedures * Flew with Apollo 11 because of his math skill * Today, a spokesman for Mars exploration ---------------------------------------------------------------------- todo: Flagstaff Hill reservation Model rocket orders Other items: masking tape, paper clips, X-acto knives, pencils --------------------------------------------------------------------- Jules Gabriel Verne was born in 1828, in Nates, France. Jules' parents were of a sefaring tradition, one factor which influenced his writings. As a boy, Jules Verne ran off to be a cabin boy on a merchant ship, but he was cought and returned to his parents. In 1847 Jules was sent to study law in Paris. While there, however, his passion for theatre grew. Later in 1850, Jules Verne's first play was published. His father was outraged when he heard that Jules was not going to continue law, so he disconinued the money he ws giving him to pay for his expenses in paris. This forced Verne to make money by selling his stories. After spending many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, engineering, and astronomy, Jules Verne published his first novel Five Weeks in a Balloon. Soon he started writing novels such as Journey to the Center of the Earth, From the Earth to the Moon, and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Because of the popularity of these and other novels, Jules Verne became a very rich man. In 1876, he bought a large yacht and sailed around Europe. The last novel befor Jules Verne's death was The Invasion of the Sea. Jules Verne died in the city of Amines in 1905. 1863 - Five Weeks in a Balloon 1864 - A Journey to the Center of the Earth 1866 - From the Earth to the Moon 1870 - Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 1873 - Around the World in Eighty Days 1874 - Mysterious Island 1904 - Master of the World Despite Verne's catalytic effect on modern engineering, he worried that advancing technology would lead to unpredictable evils. In his later novels he sacrificed the popularity of optimism to concentrate on that theme. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Buzz Aldrin was born in Montclair, New Jersey on January 20, 1930. His mother, Marion Moon, was the daughter of an Army Chaplain. His father, Edwin Eugene Aldrin, was an aviation pioneer, a student of rocket developer Robert Goddard, and an aide to the immortal General Billy Mitchell. Buzz was educated at West Point, graduating with honors in 1951, third in his class. After receiving his wings, he flew Sabre Jets in 66 combat missions in the Korean Conflict, shooting down two MIG-15's. Returning to his education, he earned a Doctorate in Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Manned Space Rendezvous. The techniques he devised were used on all NASA missions, including the first space docking with the Russian Cosmonauts. In October 1963, Buzz was selected by NASA as one of the early astronauts. In November 1966, he established a new record for Extra-Vehicular Activity in space on the Gemini XII orbital flight mission. He has logged 4500 hours of flying time, 290 of which were in space, including 8 hours of EVA. As Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo VIII, man's first flight around the moon, Buzz significantly improved operational techniques for astronautical navigation star display. Then, on July 20, 1969, Buzz and Neil Armstrong made their historic Apollo XI moon walk, thus becoming the first two humans to set foot on another world. This unprecedented heroic endeavor was witnessed by the largest worldwide television audience in history. Since retiring from NASA, the Air Force, and his position as Commander of the Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, Dr. Aldrin has remained at the forefront of efforts to ensure a continued leading role for America in manned space exploration. To advance his lifelong commitment to venturing outward in space, he has created a master plan of evolving missions for sustained exploration utilizing his concept, "The Cycler," a spacecraft system which makes perpetual orbits between Earth and Mars, and in 1993 received a patent for a permanent space station he designed. Buzz authored an autobiography, "Return to Earth" in 1974, and in 1989 wrote, "Men from Earth," describing his trip to the moon and his unique perspective on America's future in Space.In 1996, he published his first science fiction novel, Encounter With Tiber (published by Warner Books). Buzz participates in many space organizations worldwide, including the National Space Society, in developing future space programs and space education. He is also endorsing two educational computer software products for children. Now Buzz, as Starcraft Enterprises - the name of his private space endeavors - is lecturing and traveling throughout the world to pursue and discuss his and others' latest concepts and ideas for exploring the universe. He is a leading voice in charting the course of future space efforts, chairing both the National Space Society and the ShareSpace Foundation. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- "Men are weak now, and yet they transform the Earth's surface. In millions of years their might will increase to the extent that they will change the surface of the Earth, its oceans, the atmosphere, and themselves. They will control the climate and the Solar System just as they control the Earth. They will travel beyond the limits of our planetary system; they will reach other Suns, and use their fresh energy instead of the energy of their dying luminary." -Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Mankind will not forever remain on earth, but in the pursuit of light and space will first timidly emerge from the bounds of the atmosphere, and then advance until he has conquered the whole of circumsolar space. -Tsiolkovsky (1911) Tsiolkovsky is considered to be the father of cosmonautics and human space flight, and was a truly great thinker. His visionary ideas about the future of humanity in space were magnificent and far ahead of his time. He dreamed about space flight since he was a very young boy. Tsiolkovsky was certain that the future of human life will be in outer space, so he deceded that we must study the cosmos to pave the way for future generations. Later, he proved mathematically the possibility of space flight, and wrote and published over 500 works about space travel and related subjects. These included the design and construction of space rockets, steerable rocket engines, multi-stage boosters, space stations, life in space, and more. His notebooks are filled with sketches of liquid-feuled rockets, detailed combustion chamber designs with steering vanes in the exhaust plume for directional control, double walled pressurized cabins to protect from meteorites, gyroscopes for attitude control, reclining seats to protect from high G loads at launch, air locks for exiting the spaceship into the vacume of space, and other amazingly accurate predictions of space travel. Many of these were done before the first airplane flight. He determined correctly that the escape velocity from the Earth into orbit was 8 km./second, and that this could be achieved by using a multi-stage rocket fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. He predicted the use of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen and kerosene for propulsion, spinning space stations for artificial gravity, mining asteroids for materials, space suits, the problems of eating, drinking, and sleeeping in weightlessness, and even closed cycle biological systems to provide food and oxygen for space colonies. Some of his works include: - "Free Space" (1883). Manuscript of Tsiolkovsky, first published in 1956. In this work, he described the life and ways of motion in free space, zero gravity, all done without the benefit on any mathematical calculations. It was in this paper that Tsiolkovsky drew the primitive design of a true Space Craft, which moved in outer space with the help of reactive forces. This was the first drawing of Tsiolkovsky's of a space vehicle, from "Free Space" (1883). It shows cosmonauts in weightlessness, gyroscopes for attitude control, and an airlock for exit into free space. - "The Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation". He created his calculations about space flight theory on May 10, 1897. The first publication of the results was in the article "Exploration of the Universe with Reaction Machines", in the monthly magazine "The Science Review",# 5 (St.Petersburg, 1903). This was the first publication in the world on this subject. His Classic article "Research into Interplanetary Space by Means of Rocket Power" was published in 1903, the year of the first airplane flight by the Wright Brothers. It accurately described the state of weightlessness and the theoretical function of rockets in a vacuum. He demonstrated why rockets would be needed for space exploration, and also advocated the use of liquid propellants that are used today. - "Plan of Space Exploration". This was published in 1926. It consists of 16 Points, from the very begining of space conquest, until the far distant future, including interstellar travel. He also wrote science fiction books, including "On The Moon (1895), Dreams of the Earth and Sky (1895), and Beyond the Earth (1920). - "The Space Rocket Trains". (1929). This publication of Tsiolkovsky was about his original idea of a multi-stage rocket, which consisted of several separate rockets, one on top of another. Tsiolkovsky proved that only such a type of rocket would be able to reach escape velocity and fly to Earth orbit. - "Album of Space Travels". (1932). The drawings from this manuscript of Tsiolkovsky show us his brilliant ideas about life in space, including zero gravity, air pressure locking, space habitats, rocket guidance, etc. In 1932 Tsiolkovsky wrote "The Cosmic Philosophy" - the summary of his philosophical ideas. His main idea was to achieve happiness not only for humanity, but also for all the living beings in the Cosmos, for all the Universe. He believed that human occupation of space was inevitable and would drive human evolution. According to Tsiolkovsky's Cosmic Philosophy, "happiness" is the absence of all kind of suffering in all the Universe, for all times, as well as the absence of all of the processes for destroying goodness. How shall we start this evolution to the "Universial Happiness"? The main task is to study the laws which rule the Universe. To do so, we must study the Universe, and therefore we must learn how to live in outer space. To begin that long period of our evolution, we will have to design large manned space rockets. So, the first space flight will be the beginning of the new era of space exploration, the beginning of Space Culture in human history. It will be the beginning of our history itself. He truly beleived that it was the destiny of humankind to occupy the solar system and then to expand into the depth of the cosmos, living off the energy of the stars to create a cosmic civilization that would master nature, abolish natural catastrophes, and acheive happiness for all. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- http://stange.simplenet.com/oberth/ Votes must be weighed, not counted - Oberth Oberth's interest in rocketry was sparked at the age of 11. His mother gave him a copy of Jules Verne's From The Earth To The Moon, a book which he later recalled he read "at least five or six times and, finally, knew by heart.' It was a young Oberth, then, that discovered that many of Verne's calculations were not simply fiction, and that the very notion of interplanetary travel was not as fantastic as had been assumed by the scientific community. By the age of 14 Oberth had already envisioned a 'recoil rocket' that could propel itself through space by expelling exhaust gases (from a liquid fuel) from its base. He had no resources with which to test his model, but continued to develop his theories, all the while teaching himself, from various books, the mathematics that he knew he'd need if he was to ever challenge gravity's dominion. In 1922 Oberth's doctoral thesis on rocketry was rejected. He later described his reaction: 'I refrained from writing another one, thinking to myself: Never mind, I will prove that I am able to become a greater scientist than some of you, even without the title of doctor.' He continued: 'In the United States, I am often addressed as a doctor. I should like to point out, however, that I am not such and shall never think of becoming one.' And on education he had this to say: 'Our educational system is like an automobile which has strong rear lights, brightly illuminating the past. But looking forward things are barely discernible.' In 1923, the year after the rejection of his dissertation, he published the 92 page Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket into Planetary Space). This was followed by a longer version (429 pages) in 1929, which was internationally celebrated as a work of tremendous scientific importance. That same year, he lost the sight in his left eye in an experiment while working as a technical advisor to German director Fritz Lang on his film, 'Girl in the Moon.' In the thirties Oberth took on a young assistant who would later become one of the leading scientists in rocketry research for the German and then the United States governments; his name was Werhner von Braun. They worked together again during the Second World War, developing the V2 rocket, the 'vengeance weapon' for the German Army, and again after the war, in the United States at the U.S. Army's Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama. However, three years later Professor Oberth retired and returned to Germany. That Hermann Oberth is one of the three founding fathers of rocketry and modern astronautics is, I think, indisputable. That all three have advanced the science of rocketry is also indisputable - Professor Oberth, though, possessed a vision that set him apart, even from these great men. In 1923 he wrote in the final chapter of Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket into Planetary Space), 'The rockets... can be built so powerfully that they could be capable of carrying a man aloft.' In 1923, then, he became the first to prove that rockets could put a man into space. By all accounts Hermann Oberth was a humble man (especially considering his achievements) who had, in his own words, simple goals. He outlined them in the last paragraph of his 1957 book Man into Space: 'To make available for life every place where life is possible. To make inhabitable all worlds as yet uninhabitable, and all life purposeful.' Hermann Julius Oberth died in a Nuremberg hospital in West Germany on December 29, 1989 at the age of 95. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Early in 1957 Korolev requested permission to launch the first two Soviet satellites before the beginning of the International Geophysical Year, 1958. His concern was that the U.S. would launch a spacecraft first on its Vanguard booster [NOTE: The first Vanguard attempt to launch a satellite resulted in a spectacular explosion on the launch pad in front of live television cameras]. The Soviet leadership told him that his first priority was to build an ICBM and not to worry about spaceflight. On May 15, 1957 Korolev's team attempted the first ICBM launch. The R-7 was about 95.8 feet in height and 33.8 feet at its base. Upon ignition one of the first stage pods caught fire and the entire missile burned. During the second attempt in June a control system failed and in July the missile was over-fueled and exploded before flight. Finally, on August 21, 1957 the first ICBM hit Kamchatka. The way was paved for a satellite launch. After this successful test, the Soviet leadership granted Korolev his wish. To beat the US into space, Korolev decided to launch a very unsophisticated satellite into orbit. The designers decided to make the satellite a sphere to give it the largest volume for a given surface area. It was highly polished aluminum to keep the temperature controlled and it had two radio transmitters on 20.005 and 40.002 MegaHertz (MHz). On October 4, 1957, less than one month after Tsiolkovsky's 100th birthday, the world's first artificial satellite was launched from Tyuratam. The Soviets named the spacecraft "SPUTNIK" or "fellow traveler" in Russian. This word entered the world's vocabulary overnight as people all over the Earth could tune their radio's to the "beep..beep" signal of humanity's first escape from its home planet. The Americans were caught flat-footed and the Space Race had begun. The simple satellite of Korolev's to beat the Americans was the stimulus that led directly to the American landing on the moon twelve years later. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Goddard's interest in rockets began in 1898 when, as a 16-year-old, he read the latest publication of that early science fiction writer, English novelist H.G. Wells. On October 19, 1899, 17 year old Robert Goddard climbed a cherry tree in the backyard of his family's home in Worcester, Massachusetts. As he pondered the evening sky, he "imagined how wonderful it would be to make some device which had even the possibility of ascending to Mars." Young Robert had been fascinated with flying to the red planet ever since he had read H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. He wrote in his diary that day, "...when I descended the tree...existence at last seemed very purposive." Goddard thereafter referred to October 19th as his "Anniversary Day" when he dedicated his life to building space vehicles. The experience taught Goddard a hard lesson -- one which caused him to shy away from future opportunities to publicize his work. Publicity was far from Goddard's mind on the morning of March 16, 1926. On that day, barely a year after Wernher von Braun's rocket wagon fiasco, Goddard launched a liquid-powered rocket he had designed and built from a snow-covered field at his Aunt Effie Goddard's farm in Auburn, Mass. The rocket flew -- 152 feet -- about the same distance as the Wright Brothers' first manned flight -- but it did fly! It was the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in history. Robert Goddard's pioneering efforts eventually led to 214 patents for rocket components, as well as the development of the fundamental concepts for all liquid-fueled rockets, which propel vehicles such as the space shuttle. The value of Goddard's ideas were recognized by German scientists and used to produce the V-2 rockets during World War II. In the United States, however, he was regarded with skepticism, and during his lifetime his work received little of the attention it deserved. Robert H. Goddard died of throat cancer on August 10, 1945. Just a few years later, in 1956, the launch of the satellite Sputnik marked the official beginning of the Space Age, for which Goddard's work had helped lay the foundation. And in 1964, Goddard's dream of reaching the red planet came true with the successful launch of NASA's Mariner 4 probe to Mars. http://pao.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/general/frocket/frocket.htm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Radio commentator Paul Harvey tells a story of how young von Braun's interest in rocketry almost got him labeled as a juvenile delinquent. At the age of 13, von Braun exhibited an interest in explosives and fireworks. His father could not understand his son's consuming interest in so dangerous a hobby. He feared his son would become safecracker. One day the young teenager obtained six skyrockets, strapped them to a toy red wagon and set them off. Streaming flames and a long trail of smoke, the wagon roared five blocks into the center of the von Braun family's home town, where they finally exploded. As the smoke cleared, the toy wagon emerged as a charred wreck. Young von Braun emerged in the firm grasp of a policeman. Despite being severely reprimanded by his father, the youngster's interest would not be denied. By the age of 22 he had earned his doctorate in physics. Two years later he was directing Germany's military rocket development program. Dr. von Braun and his collegues at Peenemunde in northwest Germany, were able to surrender to the U.S. Army troops advancing through the collapsing Third Reich (photo at right). This was quite fortunate for the Americans as these German scientists were the most advanced group of rocket and rocket engine developers and the advancing Russians were eager to get their hands on them. There were a large number of Germans stationed at Army Ordinance and the transfer of the selected individuals became known as "Operation Paperclip." On June 20, 1945, U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull, used paperclips to distinguish those German rocket specialists he approved for transfer to the U.S. The Germans first began work for the Army at Ft. Bliss, TX just north of El Paso. The first order of business was to assemble and test fly some of the captured V-2 rockets that the Americans had brought from Germany. Dr. von Braun was instrumental in advancing the American development of rockets and he and his team were able to step in when the Russians surprised the world by launching Sputnik 1 in October of 1957. The following January, Dr. von Braun's team succeeded in launching the first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, using an Army Jupiter C rocket. Dr. von Braun and his technical development team were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Marshall Space Flight Center where he served as director of the center from July 1960 to February 1970. During that period, he oversaw development of the mighty Saturn boosters: Saturn I, Saturn IB, and the giant Saturn V. Werner von Braun's interest in rocketry and space came around the age of 13 when two events happened in his life. The first was his reading The Rocket into Interplanetary Space by the rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth. Up to this point, young Werner was a disappointing student. He in fact flunked mathematics and physics. Although the Oberth book fascinated him, it also frustrated him because he couldn't follow the math. He decided then and there to buckle down and learn what he needed to learn. He made steady progress and graduated at the head of his class. The second event was his mother buying him a telescope to feed his curiosity about astronomy and space. These childhood events set him on a life-long course that reached its climax when Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the Moon. Apollo 11 had been sent on its historic journey by the Saturn V booster designed by Dr. von Braun and his team at Marshall Space Flight Center. www.spacevoyages.com/visans1.html